Information Systems Chapter 7, 8, 9 Notes

Chapter 7

• What are the basic types of processes?
• Structured Processes
• Definition
• Formally defined , standardized processes that involve day to day operations.
• Dynamic Processes
• Definition
• Flexible, informal, and adaptive processes that normally involve strategic and less structured managerial decisions and activities.
• Work Group Process
• Definition
• Process that exists to enable work groups to fulfill the charter, purpose, and goals of a particular group or department.
• Work Group Information Systems
• Definition
• Support one or more processes within the work group.
• Also known as
• Functional Information Systems
• The program component of a functional information system is called a....
• Functional application
• Enterprise Processes
• Definition
• Processes that span an organization and support activities in multiple departments.
• Enterprise Information Systems
• Definition
• Support one or more enterprise processes.
• Inter-enterprise processes
• Definition
• Processes that span two or more independent organizations. 
• Inter-enterprise Information Systems
• Definition
• Support one or more inter-enterprise processes.
• How can information systems improve process quality?
• Process Efficiency
• Definition
• Measure of the ratio of process outputs to inputs.
• Process Effectiveness
• Measure of how well a process achieves organizational strategy. 
• Ways in Which Processes May Be Improved
• Change the Process Structure
• Reorganize the processes by reordering the tasks
• Change the Process Resources
• Change Allocation of Resources
• Identify Source Delays, and add more resources.
• Adding resources decreases source delays
• Change Both the Process Structure and Resources
• Ways in Which Information Systems Improve Process Quality
• Performing an activity (Process Activity)
• Partially automated
• Completely automated
• Augmenting a Human Performing an Activity
• Common reservation system
• Controlling Data Quality Process Flow
• Ensure that data values are correct
• Ensure that data is complete
• Ensure steps are performed on schedule
• Makes Correct Process Routing Decisions
• How do information systems eliminate the problems of information silos?
• Information Silo
• Definition
• The condition that exists when data are isolated in separated information systems.
• Problems of Information Silos
• Data Integrity
• Definition
• Organization has inconsistent or duplicated data.
• How do you solve the problems of information silos?
• Integrate the data into a single database and revise applications to use that database.
• How do CRM, ERP, and EAI support enterprise processes?
• The Need For Business Process Engineering
• Business Process Reengineering
• Definition
• The activity of altering existing and designing new business processes to take advantage of new information systems.
• Emergence of Enterprise Application Solutions
• Inherent Processes
• Definition
• Pre-designed procedures for using the software products, saved organizations from the expense, delays, and risks of business process re-engineering.
• Customer Relationship Management
• Customer Relationship Management System
• Definition
• A suite of applications, a database, and a set of inherent processes for managing all the the interactions with the customer, from lead generation to customer service.
• Customer Life Cycle
• Definition
• The cycle of marketing, customer acquisition, relationship management, and loss/churn.
• Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
• Definition
• Suite of applications called modules, a database, and a set of inherent processes for consolidating business operations into a single, consistent, computing platform.
• Modules
• Definition
• Another name for ERP Application programs
• ERP System
• Definition
• Information system based on ERP technology.
• Primary Purpose
• Integration, by allowing the left hand of the organization to know what the right hand of the organization is doing.
• What can They Do?
• Display the current status of critical business factors to managers and executives.
• Enterprise Application Integration (EAI)
• Definition
• Suite of software applications that integrates existing systems by providing layers of software that connect applications together.
• What Does EAI do?
• Connects system islands via a new layer of software/system
• Enables existing applications to communicate and share data
• Provides integrated information
• Leverages existing systems
• Leaves functional applications as is, while providing an integration layer over the top.
• Enables a gradual move to ERP
• What are the elements of an ERP system?
• What should the applications of a true ERP system Integrate?
• Supply Chain
• Manufacturing
• CRM
• Human Resources
• Accounting
• ERP Databases
• Trigger
• Definition
• Computer program stored within the database that runs to keep the database consistent when certain conditions arise.
• Stored Procedure
• Definition
• Computer program stored in the database that is used to enforce business rules.
• Business Process Procedures
• Process Blueprints
• Definition
• Inherent processes that are defined in the ERP solution.
• Training and Consulting
• Train the Trainer
• Definition
• ERP training curricula and numerous classes in which vendors train employees to act as Super Users, who then train other employees in order to reduce cost.
• Industry Specific Solutions
• Definition
• Industry-Specific Solutions
• Starter kits for specific industries that include database configuration files and process blueprints that apply to ERP implementation in specific industries.
• What are the challenges of implementing and upgrading enterprise information systems?
• The Challenges
• Collaborative Management
• Requirements gaps
• Definition
• What an organization requires versus what an application can actually do.
• Transition Problems
• Transitioning requires careful planning and substantial training.
• Employee Resistance
• Employees fear change because it threatens their Self Efficacy.
• Self Efficacy
• Definition
• Person's belief that he or she can be successful at his or her job.
• How do inter-enterprise IS solve the problems of enterprise silos?
• Distributed Systems
• Definition
• Applications processing is distributed across multiple
•  What do they do?
• Enable programs to receive data from, and display data to, a variety of mobile and desktop devices.

Chapter 8

• What is a social media information system?
• Social Media
• Definition
• Use of information technology to support the sharing of content among networks of users.
• Social Media Information System
• Information system that supports the sharing of content among networks of users.
• SMIS Roles
• Social Media Providers
• Definition
• Platforms enable the creation of social relationships among people with common interests.
• Users
• Definition
• Individuals and organizations that use social media sites to build social relationships .
• Communities
• Definition
• Groups of people related by a common interest.
• SMIS Components
• Hardware
• Software
• Data
• Content Data
• Data and responses to data that are contributed by users.
• Connection Data
• Data about relationships
• Procedures
• People
• How do SMIS advance organizational strategy?
• Dynamic
• Definition
• Its flow cannot be designed or diagrammed.
• Social Media and the Sales and Marketing Activity
• Social CRM 
• Definition
• Dynamic, SM-based CRM process.
• Social Media and Manufacturing and Operations
• Crowdsourcing
• Definition
• Dynamic social media process of employing users to participate in product design or product redesign.
• Businesses to Consumer
• Defintion 
• Relationships to market products to end users.
• Business to Business
• Definition
• Manufactures using social media to become industry leaders and promote brand awareness.
• How do SMIS increase social capital?
• Capital
• Definition
• Incestment of Resources For Future Profit
• Human Capital
• Definition
• Investment in human knowledge and skills for future profit.
• Social Capital
• Definition
• Investment in social relations with the expectation of returns in the marketplace.
• The Value of Social Capital
• Social Capital Adds Value In These Four Ways
• Information
• Definition
• Information concerning opportunities, alternatives, problems, and other factors important to business professionals.
• Influence
• Definition
• Influence decisions makers who are critical to your success.
• Social Credentials
• Definition
• Being linked to a network of highly regarded contacts.
• Personal Reinforcement
• Definition
• Reinforces professional identity, position, and image in an organization or industry.
• Value of Social Capital
• Definition
• The number of relationships in a social network, the strength of those relationships, and the resources controlled by each relationship.
• Using Social Networking to Increase the Number of Relationships
• Influencer
• Definition
• Their opinion may force a change in others' behavior and beliefs.
• Using Social Networks to Increase the Strength of Relationships
• Strength of a Relationship
• Definition
• Likelihood  that the other entity in the relationship will do something that benefits the organization.
• Using Social Networks to Connect to Those with More Resources
• Social Capital = Number of Relationships x Relationship Strength x Entity Resources
• How do (some) companies earn revenue from social media?
• You Are the Product
• Monetize
• Definition
• Make Money From
• Revenue Models for Social Media
• Advertising
• Pay Per Click
• Definition
• Revenue model in which advertisers display ads to potential customers for free and pay only when the customer clicks.
• Use Increases Value
• Definition
• More people use a site, the more value it has, and the more people will visit it.
• Freemium
• Definition
• Revenue model offers users a basic service for free and then charges a premium for upgrades or advanced features.
• Ad-Blocking Software
• Definition
• Used by web users to filter out advertising content and rarely, if ever, see internet ads. 
• Does Mobility Reduce Online Ad Revenue?
• Conversion Rate
• Definition
• Measures the frequency that someone who clicks on an ad makes a purchase, likes a site, or takes some other action desired by the advertiser. 
• How do organizations develop an effective SMIS?
• Steps
• Define Your Goals
• Identify  Success Metrics
• Key Performance Indicators
• Definition
• Metrics that indicate you achieved goals.
• Metrics
• Definition
• Measurements used to track performance
• Vanity Metrics
• Definition
• Metrics that don't improve your decision making.
• Success Metrics
• Definition
• Key performance indicators
• Identify the Target Audience
• Brand Awareness
• Description
• Extent that users recognize a brand
• Metrics
• Audience growth rates 
• Brand mentions in Social Media
• Conversion Rates
• Description
• Measures the frequency that someone takes a desired action.
• Metrics
• Click rate on SM content
• Assisted social conversions
• Web site traffic
• Description
• Quantity, frequency, duration, and depth of visits to a Web Site.
• Metrics
• Visitor frequency rate, referral traffic from SM.
• User engagement
• Description
• Extent to which users interact with a site, application, or other media.
• Metrics
• Number of SM interactions
• Reshares SM content
• Define Your Value
• Financial Capital
• Definition
• Money
• Competitive Analysis
• Definition
• Identify the strengths and weaknesses in your competitors' use of social media.
• What is an enterprise social network (ESN)?
• Enterprise Social Network
• Definition
• Software platform that uses social media to facilitate cooperative work of people within an organization.
• Enterprise 2.0
• Web 2.0
• Definition
• Dynamic user-generated content systems
• Enterprise 2.0
• Definition
• Use of emergent social software platforms within companies, or between companies and their partners or customers.
• Folksonomy
• Definition
• Content structure that emerges from the processing of many user tags.
• Enterprise 2.0 Components
• SLATES
• Search
• Search for content
• Links
• Connects to resources
• Authoring
• Creating content
• Tags
• Definiton
• Natural emmergence of content organization structure
• Creation and Use of Folksonomy
• Extensions
• Measuring usage patterns of users to provide them with the content they desire, by predicting content of interest
• Signals
• Definition
• When something of interest occurs in organizational content.
• Publishing enterprising content to users based on subscriptions and alerts
• Changing Communication
• Communication Channels
• Definition
• Means of delivering messages
• Deploying Successful Enterprise Social Networks
• Best Practices
• Definition
• Methods that have been shown to produce successful results in prior implementations.
• How can organization address SMIS security concerns?
• Managing the Risk of Employee Communication
• Social Media Policy
• Definition
• Statement that delineates employees' rights and responsibilities.
• Pillars of Social Media Policy
• Disclose
• Definition
• To be transparent and Open
• Protect
• Definition
• To not overshare, slam competition, or tell secrets.
• Use Common Sense
• Definition
• Add value 
• Do not inflame or respond to all criticism
• Admit Mistakes
• Managing the Risk of Inappropriate Content
• User Generated Content
• Content on your social media site that is contributed to by users
• Essence of SM relationships
• Problems from External Sources
• Junk and crackpot contributions
• Inappropriate content
• Unfavorable news
• Mutinous movements
• Responding to Social Networking Problems
• Leave it
• Respond to it
• Delete it
• 2025?
• Social Media Unification

Chapter 9

• How do Organizations use business intelligence (BI) Systems?
• Business Intelligence Systems
• Information systems that process operational, social, and other data to identify business intelligence for use by business professionals and other knowledge workers.
• Business Intelligence
• Definition
• Patterns, relationships, trends, and predictions.
• BI Application
• Definition
• Software component of a BI system
• Decision Support Systems
• Definition
• Decision Making BI Systems
• Uses of Business Intelligence
• Project Management
• Problem Solving
• Deciding
• Informing
• What Are Typical BI Applications?
• Identifying Changes in Purchasing Patterns
• BI for Entertainment
• Predictive Policing
• Definition
• Analyzing data of past crimes to predict where crimes are likely to occur next.
• What are three primary activities in the BI process?
• Data Acquisition
• Definition
• The Process of obtaining, cleaning, organizing, relating, and cataloging source data.
• BI analysis
• Definition
• Process of creating business intelligence.
• Primary Activities In The BI Process
• Data Sources
• Acquire Data
• Perform Analysis
• Publish Results
• Receive feedback
• Repeat
• Publish Results
• Definition
• Delivering business intelligence to the knowledge workers who need it.
• Push Publishing
• Definition
• Delivers business intelligence to users without any request from the users.
• Pull Publishing
• Definition
• Requires the user to request BI results.
• How do Organizations use data warehouses and data marts to acquire data?
• Data Warehouse
• Definition
• Facility for managing an organization's BI data.
• Functions of a Data Warehouse
• Obtain Data
• Cleanse Data
• Organize and Relate Data
• Catalog Data
• Business Intelligence Users
• Definition
• Specialists in data analysis
• Knowledge Workers
• Definition
• Nonspecialist users of BI
• Granularity
• Definition
• Level of detail represented by the data
• Data Mart
• Definition
• Data collection, smaller than the data warehouse, that addresses the needs of a particular department or functional area of the business.
• How do Organizations use reporting applications?
• Reporting application
• Definition
• BI application that inputs data from one or more sources and applies reporting operations to that data to produce BI.
• Basic Reporting Operations
• Sorting
• Filtering
• Grouping
• Calculating
• Formatting
• RFM Analysis
• Definition
• Technique readily implemented with basic reporting operations, used to analyze and rank customers according to their purchasing patterns.
• Online Analytical Processing
• Definition
• Provides the ability to sum, count, average, and perform other simply arithmetic operations on groups of data.
• Measure
• Definition
• Data Item of Interest
• Dimension
• Definition
• Characteristic of a measure
• OLAP Cube
• Definition
• Shows the Measure and Dimension of Each Measure in an OLAP Report
• Drill Down
• Definition
• Further divide the data into more detail.
• How do Organizations use data mining applications?
• Data Mining
• Definition
• Knowledge Discovery in Databases
• Unsupervised Data Mining
• Definition
• Analysts do not create a model or hypothesis before running the analysis, they apply a data mining application to the data and observe the results.
• Cluster Analysis
• Definition
• Statistical techniques identify groups of entities that have similar characteristics.
• Supervised data mining
• Definition
• Data miners develop a model prior to the analysis and apply statistical techniques to data to estimate parameters of the model.
• Regression analysis
• Definition
• Measures the effect of a set of variables on another variable.
• Neural Networks
• Definition
• Supervised data mining application used to predict values and make classifications.
• Market Basket Analysis
• Definition
• An unsupervised data mining technique for determining sales patterns.
• Cross Selling
• Definition
• Fact that customers who buy product "X" also buy product "Y", creates an opportunity for the products to be sold together. 
• Support
• Definition
• Probability that two items will be purchased together
• Confidence
• Definition
• Conditional probability estimate
• Lift
• Definition
• Ratio of confidence to the base probability of buying an item.
• Decision Tree
• Definition
• Hierarchical arrangement of criteria that predict a classification or a value.
• How do Organizations use BigData applications?
• Review of Big Data
• Big Data data sets are at least a petabyte in size, but usually larger
• Big Data is generated rapidly
• Big Data has structured data, free-form text, log files, possibly graphics, audio, and video.
• Map Reduce
• Definition
• Technique for harnessing the power of thousands of computers working in parallel.
• Hadoop
• Definition
• Open source program supported by the Apache Foundation that implements MapReduce on potentially thousands of computers.
• Pig
• Definition
• Query language included with Hadoop.
• What is the role of knowledge management systems?
• Knowledge Management
• Definition
• Process of creating value from intellectual capital and sharing that knowledge with employees, managers, suppliers, customers, and others who need that capital.
• How Does Knowledge Management Benefit Organizations
• Improve Process Quality
• Increase Team Strength
• Expert Systems
• Definition
• Rule Based Systems that encode human knowledge in the form of If/Then rules.
• If/Then Rules
• Definition
• Statements that specify if a particular condition exists, and then to take some action.
• Expert System Shells
• Definition
• Programs that process a set of rules
• Content Management Systems
• Definition
• Information Systems that support the management and delivery of documents including reports, web pages, and other expressions of employee knowledge.
• Common Alternatives for Content Management Applications
• In-House Custom
• Off The Shelf
• Public Search Engine
• Hyper Social Knowledge Management
• Definition
• Application of social media and related applications for the management and delivery of organizational knowledge resources.
• Rich Directory
• Definition
• Employee Directory that includes not only the standard name, email, phone, and address but also organizational structure and expertise.
• What are the alternatives for publishing BI?
• Static Reports
• Definition
• BI documents that are fixed at the time of creation and do not change.
• Dynamic Reports
• Definition
• BI Documents that are updated at the time they are requested.
• BI Publishing Alternatives
• Email or Collaboration Tool
• Static Type
• Web Server
• Static/Dynamic Type
• SharePoint
• Static/Dynamic
• BI Server
• Dynamic
• Subscriptions
• Definition
• User requests for particular BI results on a particular schedule or in response to particular events.
• BI Server
• Definition
• Web Server Application that is purpose built for the publishing of business intelligence.
• 2025?
• The Singularity
• Computer Systems Become Capable of Thinking on Their Own and Developing Their Own Software