IS Chapter 4, 5, 6, Notes

Chapter 4

• What do Business Professionals Need To Know About Computer Hardware?
• CPU
• What is The CPU?
• Central Processing Unit
• The Brain of the Computer
• How Does The CPU Work?
• Works in Conjunction with Random Access Memory 
• Reads data and instructions from memory
• Stores results of computation in memory
• How is CPU Speed Expressed?
• Hertz
• Definition
• The Speed Cycles of CPUs
• Speeds Based On Computers
• Slow Personal Computers
• 1.5 Gigahertz
• Fast Dual Processor PC
• 3+ Gigahertz
• 32 Bit and 64 Bit CPUs
• Needs a 64 Bit Processor, to use more than 4GB of Memory
• Dual Processors vs Quad Processors 
• Have varying CPU speed, function, and cost.
• What Are Basic Types of Hardware?
• Server Farms
• Large Collection of Coordinated Servers
• Tablets
• Personal Computers
• Servers
• Smartphones
• Binary
• Definition
• Programming based on telling the difference between two states.
• Mechanical Methods for Binary
• Reflection
• Magnetic Polarization
• Light Switches
• How Can New Hardware Effect Competitive Strategies?
• Client
• What Do Clients Connect to, to receieve information?
• Servers
• Operating System
• Programs that control the client computer resources.
• Application Programs
• Applications that are processed on Client's Computer.
• Server
• Operating System
• Programs that control the server computer resources.
• Application Programs
• Applications that are processed on Server's Computer.
• What Do Business Professionals Need To Know About Software?
• Virtual Machines
• A Server's Computational Power Remotely Accessed in A Software Application 
• Granting the Illusion that someone has their computer.
• Ownership Vs Licensing
• License Software
• Right to Use A Specified Number of Copies
• It Limits a User's Liability
• Site License
• Costs a Flat Fee
• Installs Software on all company computers or at a specific site
• Open Source
• No license fee
• How Do Organizations Obtain Different Types of Applications?
• Applications You Can Get Off The Shelf
• Horizontal Applications
• Applications You Can Get Off The Shelf And Then Customized
• Horizontal Applications
• Vertical Applications
• Applications You Can Get Custom Developed
• One of a Kind Applications
• What is Firm Ware?
• Software installed into read only memory, the program's logic is designed into device's circuitry 
• Is Open Source Software A Viable Alternative?
• Depends on the Situation's Restraints and Requirements
• Free Open Source Software might require support and operational costs that are higher than normal licensing fees.
• What Are The Differences Between Native And Web Applications?
• Native Applications
• High Skill Level
• High Price
• Sophisticated
• Professional Programmers Only
• Run on any operating system and device
• Limited by the capability of browsers
• Web Applications
• Low to High Skill Level
• Professional Programmers, Web Developers, and Business Professionals Can Use Them
• Vary in Price
• Vary in Sophistication
• Thin-Client Applications
• You get them via the web
• Require Modern Browsers to Run
• Cheaper to Develop
• Cheaper to Maintain
• May Lack Wow Factor
• Why Are Mobile Systems Increasingly Important?
• The World is Connected, People Can Do Things on The Go
• What Are The Challenges of Personal Mobile Devices At Work?
• Advantages
• Cost Savings
• Greater Employee Satisfaction
• Reduced Need for Training
• Higher Productivity
• Reduced Support Costs
• Disadvantages
• Data Loss or Damage
• Loss of Control
• Compatibility Problems
• Risk of Infection
• Greater Support Costs
• 2025?
• New Jobs
• Everything is Connected

Chapter 5

• What is the Purpose of A Database?
• To organize and keep track of things and to organize and keep track of themes.
• Spreadsheets Vs Databases
• Spreadsheets
• Has only a single theme
• Are not made to be able to pull data
• Is good for serving one user
• Databases
• Have multiple themes
• Are made to be able to pull data
• Is good for serving multiple users
• Form
• An User Interface for the purpose of entering data.
• What is a Database?
• Relational Database
• Made up of Tables
• Tables are made up of rows and columns
• Rows and columns have a relationship with one another.
• Multiple Tables can be related with one another
• Meta Data
• Data about Data 
• Tables or Files + Relationship Among Rows in Tables + Meta Data
• What is a Database Management System?
• Program, licensed by vendors, used to create, process, and administer a database. 
• Operations
• Read Data
• Insert Data
• Modify Data
• Delete Data
• SQL
• Structured Query Language 
• Administering the Database
• Set up security system involving user accounts, passwords, permissions, and limits for processing.
• Limit user permissions in very specific ways
• Backs up data, adds structure, improves performance, and removes unwanted data. 
• Summary of Database Administration Tasks
• Operation
• Backup
• Recovery
• Adaptation
• Development
• Create and Staff Database Administration Function
• Form Steering Committee 
• Specify Requirements
• Validate Data Model
• Evaluate Application Data
• How do Database Applications Make Databases More Useful?
• Forms
• View Data
• Insert Data
• Update Data
• Delete Existing Data
• Queries
• Search Based Upon User Provided Data Values
• Reports 
• Generates a structured presentation of the data
• Uses Filters
• Application Programs
• Special operations
• Security
• Data Consistency
• How are Data Models Used For Database Development?
• Components of Entity Relationship Data Model
• Entities
• Something users want to track
• Primary Key
• Shorthand name of an Entity
• Attributes
• Describes entity characteristics
• Identifiers
• Uniquely identifies one entity instance from another instance of an entity.
• Client Side Coding
• Html5
• Css3
• JavaScript
• Server Side Coding
• C#
• Java
• Node.js Java Script
• How is a Data Model Transformed Into A Database Design?
• Normalization
• Converts one badly structured table into two or more well structured tables.
• Goal
• Construct tables with data about a single theme or entity.
• Purpose
• To minimize data integrity problems
• Data Integrity Problems
• Produce incorrect and inconsistent information
• Users loose confidence in information
• Systems gains a poor reputation
• Can only occur if data is replicated
• Summary of Normalization
• Represent Each Entity With A Table
• Entity identifier becomes table key
• Entity attributes become table columns
• Normalize Tables Are Necessary
• Represent Relationships
• Use foreign keys
• Add additional tables for N:M relationships
• What is the User's Role In Development of Databases?
• Users are the final judges
• Users' review of data models is crucial
• Ensure its accuracy reflects users' view of the business.
• Entities must contain all of the data, you and your employees need to do your jobs, and relationships must accurately represent your view of the business.
• User Mistakes will come back to haunt them.
• 2025?
• NOSQL DBMS is the Future

Additional Notes

• Rule of Themes
• For a Single Theme use a...
• Spreadsheet
• For Multiple Themes use a...
• Database

Chapter 6

Why is the Cloud the Future of Most Organizations?

• What Does Elastic Leasing Mean?
• Flexible for Unpredictable Demand
• Organizations only pay for the resources they actually use.
• What is The Cloud?
• Elastic Leasing of computer resources via the internet.
• How do Organizations Pool Resources?
• Many organizations share the same physical hardware through virtualization.
• What is the Benefit Organizations Get From The Economies of Scale of Pooling Resources?
• Average Cost of Production decreases as the size of the operation increases.
• What are Web Farms?
• Enormous data centers, run by major cloud vendors.
• When Would You Not Want to Use The Cloud?
• If the law or standard industry practice, require physical control or possession of data.
• Example
• Some financial institutions if not all, are required to have physical control over its data.

What network technology supports the cloud?

• Types of Network Technology
• Local Area Network
• Characteristics
• Computers connected at a single physical site.
• Protocol
• Bluetooth
• For transmitting data short distances
• Wired Area Network
• Characteristics
• Computers connected between two or more seperate sites.
• Internet and internets
• Characteristics
• Network of networks
• How are Communication Speeds Expressed?
• Bits
• How is Memory Size Expressed?
• Bytes
• One Byte Equals Eight Bits
• Important ISP Functions
• Provides legitimate internet access
• Gateway to the internet
• Collects money from customers who pay access fees and other charges to telecoms to pay for internet 

How does the cloud work?

• What Are Packets?
• Messages that are broken down and moved through the internet.
• What Are Carriers?
• Telecom Providers
• What Are Peer Agreements?
• Agreements to exchange traffic among multiple carriers, without paying access fees.
• What is Net Neutrality?
• All data is treated equally
• What is the Bandwidth Problem?
• Some people use more bandwidth than others
• What is a Public IP Address?
• Identifies a particular device on public internet
• What is the ICANN?
• Internet Corporation For Assigned Names And Numbers
• Who assigns Public IP Addresses?
• ICANN
• What is a Private IP Address?
• Identifies a device on a private network
• Probably a LAN Network
• What are the Major Benefits of IP Addresses?
• IP addresses are conserved when multiple computers are on the same public LAN Network.
• Using Private IP addresses eliminates registering for an IP address from ICANN.
• What is IPv4?
• Four Decimal Dotted Notation
• Example
• 123.123.123.123
• What is a Domain Name?
• Defininition
• Unique name affiliated with a public IP address
• Important Notes
• Many domain names can point to the same address
• Domain Names can change their affiliated IP addresses 
• Three Tier Architecture 
• User Tier
• User Computers
• Web Browsers
• Server Tier
• Web Server Computers
• Web Server
• Other Applications
• Computer Server Applications
• Instructions and Data
• Database Tier
• Database Management System
• Database
• What Are SOA Principles?
• SOA 
• Surface Oriented Architecture
• Load Balancers
• Help balance the loads of three tier architecture at each tier.
• Each department formally states the data it expects to receive, with request and data it returns in response
• Every Interaction is Done in The Same Way
• No Department needs to know who works in other departments or how other departments work
• Hierarchy of Protocols Supporting Web Services
• Web Service Protocols
• WSDL/SOAP
• Application Layer Protocols
• smtp
• ftp
• http(s)
• Internet Plumbing Protocols
• Four more layers or protocols
• TCP/IP Protocol Architecture

How do organizations use the cloud?

• Content Delivery Networks
• System of hardware and software stores user data in multiple geographic locations, and makes data available on demand.
• Benefits
• Minimizes Latency
• Protection From DOS Attacks
• Reduced Delivery Costs For Mobile Users
• Pay as you go
• When They Are Best Used
• Store and Deliver Seldom Used Content

How can AllRoad Parts use the cloud?

• SASS Products
• Definition
• Software as a service
• Use
• To download stuff
• Provide more added value
• PaaS Services
• Definition
• Platform as a Service
• Use
• Virtualization
• Virtual Machines
• Provide more added value
• IaaS Services
• Definition
• Infrastructure as a Service
• Use
• Machine with possible software already installed
• Level of Service
• Lowest
• Provides basic hardware in the cloud
• May acquire servers to load operating systems on them
• Requires considerable expertise and management
• Not available for small companies

How can organizations use cloud services securely?

• VPN
• Virtual Private Networks
• Virtual Private Cloud
• Subset of a public cloud with highly restricted, secure access. 
• What is Geotagging?
• Geographical metadata added to everything

2025?

• Faster, safer, better, cloud services

Information Systems Chapter 2 In Class Notes

• Bad Communication
• Bad communication leads to problems between groups of people.
• How to Be A Good Person
• Don't be a jerk
• Don't ignore the people around you
• How the World is Changing
• The world is becoming more integrated.
• Collaboration Tools
• Microsoft Sharepoint
• Job Security
• Having a unique skill is pant-amount to job security.
• If you cannot be replaced, then you have job security.
• Difference Between Cooperation and Collaboration
• Collaboration
• To revise your work based on the feedback of your team, and continually form new work, get more feedback, and revise
• People collaborate to make better 
• Cooperation
•  To divide work, and each member of the team completes one part of the work.
• People cooperate to work faster.
• What are the important characteristics of a collaborator?
• Be enthusiastic, open minded, and curious about a subject
• Speaks their mind
• Willing to enter difficult conversations
• Skillful at giving/receiving negative feedback
• Willing to put forward unpopular ideas
• Thinks differently and brings forward different perspectives
•  Least Important Characteristics for an Effective Collaborator
• Well organized
• Someone you immediately liked
• Essentially any characteristic that makes someone look good on the surface, but doesn't really say much about the actual person.
• How to be a good team member
• Be specific
• Offer suggestions
• Avoid Personal Comments
• Strive for balance
• Question your emotions
• Do not dominate
• Demonstrate a commitment to the group
• Don't use over-generalizations
• How do you manage projects?
• Starting
• Planning
• Doing
• Finalizing
• Who are the Actors?
• Hardware
• People
• What are the Instructors?
• Software
• Procedures
• What Bridges the Actors?
• Data
• 
  

Information Systems Independent Study Notes

• What Are the Two Key Characteristics of Collaboration?
• Feedback
• Iteration
• Collaboration is built upon creating a work, showing your work to a peer, getting feedback from your peer, and then revising your original work based on the feedback given by your peer.
• What Are The Three Criteria For Successful Collaboration?
• Successful Outcome
• Growth in Team Capability Overtime
• Meaningful and Satisfying Experience 
• What are the four primary purposes of collaboration?
• Being Informed
• Make Decisions
• Solve Problems
• Manage Projects
• What are the requirements for a collaboration information system?
• Hardware
• Software
• Data
• Procedure
• People
• How can you use collaboration tools to improve team communication?
• Synchronous Communication
• Occurs when all team members meet at the same time, such as with conference calls or face to face meetings.
• Asynchronous Communication
• Occurs when team members do not meet at the same time.
• How can you use collaboration tools to manage shared content?
• Through applications and cloud drives.
• Shared content can be controlled or not, but their is a spectrum of control.
• How can you use Collaboration tools to manage tasks?
• Examples
• Sharing Task Lists on Google Drive
• Sharing Task Lists Using Microsoft Sharepoint
• Which Collaboration IS is right for your team?
• It really depends on what your team needs, based on what your team is trying to do.
• 2025?
• Face to face meetings will become more rare.
• Free data communications and data storage will make collaboration systems cheaper and easier to use.
• More employees work at home full/part time
• Conventions become virtual
• Travel industry focuses on recreational travel
• Asynchronous Corporate Training

Information Systems Notes

Studying For Exams

The Exam material is based on the material in the book.

You have to have the book.

Lab information will not be on the exams.

Attendance

Attendance can only help your grade, it cannot hurt your grade.

You shouldn't walk out in the middle of a lecture.

If you let the professor know in advance, you can leave early every day.

Turning In Assignments

Late assignments will not be accepted.

The teacher is reasonable.

Power-Point Notes

• The Impact of Technology on the Business World
• Everyone became empowered by the Internet
• What Did The Internet Allow People To Do
• Choose what they wanted to see on the Internet
• The Impact of the Ability to Choose
• Businesses now had to tailor to the consumer, as the consumer now had the ability to choose.
• Who Became Empowered by the Internet
• Consumer
• Firm
• Getting Loans
• Businesses at the time of the internet's beginning were able to get loans simply by mentioning that their business worked through the internet.
• This bit the dust in 2001, when many of the businesses that believed that the internet was going to magically transform their business, died.
• The Entire World Was Connected
• What is the Focus of the Course?
• Technology and how it changes business
• Building Abstract Reasoning Skills
• How to build models
• Building System Thinking Skills
• Building Collaboration Skills
• Building Experimentation Skills
• Study Questions
• Why is Introduction to MIS the Most Important Class In The Business School?
• Because of Moore's Law and other factors, the cost of data processing, communications, and storage is essentially zero.
• This motivates technology to continue to grow, and technology continues to impact our everyday lives.
• What are the Cost Effective Business Applications of Social Network Applications, or Whatever Will Soon Appear?
• Future business professionals need to be able to assess these Business Applications with the proper skills.
• How Can I Attain Job Security?
• Marketable Skills are the only job security
• One must develop strong non-routine cognitive skills.
• What Are Marketable Skills?
• Abstract Reasoning
• Example
• Construct a model or representation
• Systems Thinking
• Example
• Model System components and show how components' inputs and outputs relate to one another.
• Collaboration
• Example
• Develop ideas and plans with others, and provide and receieve critical feedback.
• Ability to Experiment
• Example
• Create and Test Promising New Alternatives, Consistent with Available Resources.
• How Can Intro To MIS Help You Learn Non-Routine Skills?
• Abstract Reason
• Ability to make and manipulate models
• Learn five components an information system model
• How to create data models
• How to make process models
• Systems Thinking
• Ability to model system components, and connect inputs and outputs to reflect the observed system.
• Collaboration
• Working together with others to achieve a common goal.
• Ability to Experiment
• Make reasoned analysis of an opportunity, developing and  evaluating possible solutions.
• Avoid a fear of failures
• Should we fear new technology?
• New technology produces new jobs, but also eliminates many old jobs.
• One should not fear new technology, instead one should simply learn how to adapt and take hold of new opportunities. 
• What is MIS?
• Key Elements
• Management and Use
• Develop, maintain, and adapt by creating an information system that meets your needs to take an active role in development.
• Information Systems
• Stradegies 
• What is the Five Component Framework for Information Production
• Hardware
• Software
• Data
• Procedures
• People
• Why Do Information Systems Exist?
• To Help people achieve business strategies
• How do you use the Five-Component Model?
• Hardware gets instructions from software.
• People get instructions from people.
• Data is the bridge between software and procedures.
• Innovation has to do with data, procedures, and people.
• Automation has to do with data, software, and hardware.
• What Are Cognitive Skills in this Course?
• The basic understanding of technology.
• What is the Difference between IS and IT?
• IT is primarily based on hardware and software.
• IS focuses more on people and procedures, than hardware and software.
• What is Information?
• Knowledge derived from data, where data are recorded facts or figures.
• Data presented in a meaningful context.
• Processed Data
• A Difference that Makes a Difference
• What are Necessary Data Characteristics?
• Accurate
• Timely
• Relevant to context
• Relevant to subject
• Just Sufficient (Extremely Important)
• Worth its Costs
• What will we see in 2025?
• People will be more connected.
• Bottom Line of MIS Course
• It will give you the background you need to assess, evaluate, and apply emerging information systems technology to business.
• It can give you marketable skills, the only job security that truly exists.
• Many MIS related jobs are available.
• There are many more information systems jobs than there are simple programming jobs.