Information Systems Chapter 6

• Why is the Cloud the Future of Most Organizations?
• What Does Elastic Leasing Mean?
• Flexible for Unpredictable Demand
• Organizations only pay for the resources they actually use.
• What is The Cloud?
• Elastic Leasing of computer resources via the internet.
• How do Organizations Pool Resources?
• Many organizations share the same physical hardware through virtualization.
• What is the Benefit Organizations Get From The Economies of Scale of Pooling Resources?
• Average Cost of Production decreases as the size of the operation increases.
• What are Web Farms?
• Enormous data centers, run by major cloud vendors.
• When Would You Not Want to Use The Cloud?
• If the law or standard industry practice, require physical control or possession of data.
• Example
• Some financial institutions if not all, are required to have physical control over its data.
• What network technology supports the cloud?
• Types of Network Technology
• Local Area Network
• Characteristics
• Computers connected at a single physical site.
• Protocol
• Bluetooth
• For transmitting data short distances
• Wired Area Network
• Characteristics
• Computers connected between two or more seperate sites.
• Internet and internets
• Characteristics
• Network of networks
• How are Communication Speeds Expressed?
• Bits
• How is Memory Size Expressed?
• Bytes
• One Byte Equals Eight Bits
• Important ISP Functions
• Provides legitimate internet access
• Gateway to the internet
• Collects money from customers who pay access fees and other charges to telecoms to pay for internet 
• How does the cloud work?
• What Are Packets?
• Messages that are broken down and moved through the internet.
• What Are Carriers?
• Telecom Providers
• What Are Peer Agreements?
• Agreements to exchange traffic among multiple carriers, without paying access fees.
• What is Net Neutrality?
• All data is treated equally
• What is the Bandwidth Problem?
• Some people use more bandwidth than others
• What is a Public IP Address?
• Identifies a particular device on public internet
• What is the ICANN?
• Internet Corporation For Assigned Names And Numbers
• Who assigns Public IP Addresses?
• ICANN
• What is a Private IP Address?
• Identifies a device on a private network
• Probably a LAN Network
• What are the Major Benefits of IP Addresses?
• IP addresses are conserved when multiple computers are on the same public LAN Network.
• Using Private IP addresses eliminates registering for an IP address from ICANN.
• What is IPv4?
• Four Decimal Dotted Notation
• Example
• 123.123.123.123
• What is a Domain Name?
• Defininition
• Unique name affiliated with a public IP address
• Important Notes
• Many domain names can point to the same address
• Domain Names can change their affiliated IP addresses 
• Three Tier Architecture 
• User Tier
• User Computers
• Web Browsers
• Server Tier
• Web Server Computers
• Web Server
• Other Applications
• Computer Server Applications
• Instructions and Data
• Database Tier
• Database Management System
• Database
• What Are SOA Principles?
• SOA 
• Surface Oriented Architecture
• Load Balancers
• Help balance the loads of three tier architecture at each tier.
• Each department formally states the data it expects to receive, with request and data it returns in response
• Every Interaction is Done in The Same Way
• No Department needs to know who works in other departments or how other departments work
• Hierarchy of Protocols Supporting Web Services
• Web Service Protocols
• WSDL/SOAP
• Application Layer Protocols
• smtp
• ftp
• http(s)
• Internet Plumbing Protocols
• Four more layers or protocols
• TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
• How do organizations use the cloud?
• Content Delivery Networks
• System of hardware and software stores user data in multiple geographic locations, and makes data available on demand.
• Benefits
• Minimizes Latency
• Protection From DOS Attacks
• Reduced Delivery Costs For Mobile Users
• Pay as you go
• When They Are Best Used
• Store and Deliver Seldom Used Content
• How can AllRoad Parts use the cloud?
• SASS Products
• Definition
• Software as a service
• Use
• To download stuff
• Provide more added value
• PaaS Services
• Definition
• Platform as a Service
• Use
• Virtualization
• Virtual Machines
• Provide more added value
• IaaS Services
• Definition
• Infrastructure as a Service
• Use
• Machine with possible software already installed
• Level of Service
• Lowest
• Provides basic hardware in the cloud
• May acquire servers to load operating systems on them
• Requires considerable expertise and management
• Not available for small companies
• How can organizations use cloud services securely?
• VPN
• Virtual Private Networks
• Virtual Private Cloud
• Subset of a public cloud with highly restricted, secure access. 
• What is Geotagging?
• Geographical metadata added to everything
• 2025?
• Faster, safer, better, cloud services