Information Systems Independent Study Notes Chapter 4 and Chapter 5

Chapter 4

• What do Business Professionals Need To Know About Computer Hardware?
• CPU
• What is The CPU?
• Central Processing Unit
• The Brain of the Computer
• How Does The CPU Work?
• Works in Conjunction with Random Access Memory 
• Reads data and instructions from memory
• Stores results of computation in memory
• How is CPU Speed Expressed?
• Hertz
• Definition
• The Speed Cycles of CPUs
• Speeds Based On Computers
• Slow Personal Computers
• 1.5 Gigahertz
• Fast Dual Processor PC
• 3+ Gigahertz
• 32 Bit and 64 Bit CPUs
• Needs a 64 Bit Processor, to use more than 4GB of Memory
• Dual Processors vs Quad Processors 
• Have varying CPU speed, function, and cost.
• What Are Basic Types of Hardware?
• Server Farms
• Large Collection of Coordinated Servers
• Tablets
• Personal Computers
• Servers
• Smartphones
• Binary
• Definition
• Programming based on telling the difference between two states.
• Mechanical Methods for Binary
• Reflection
• Magnetic Polarization
• Light Switches
• How Can New Hardware Effect Competitive Strategies?
• Client
• What Do Clients Connect to, to receieve information?
• Servers
• Operating System
• Programs that control the client computer resources.
• Application Programs
• Applications that are processed on Client's Computer.
• Server
• Operating System
• Programs that control the server computer resources.
• Application Programs
• Applications that are processed on Server's Computer.
• What Do Business Professionals Need To Know About Software?
• Virtual Machines
• A Server's Computational Power Remotely Accessed in A Software Application 
• Granting the Illusion that someone has their computer.
• Ownership Vs Licensing
• License Software
• Right to Use A Specified Number of Copies
• It Limits a User's Liability
• Site License
• Costs a Flat Fee
• Installs Software on all company computers or at a specific site
• Open Source
• No license fee
• How Do Organizations Obtain Different Types of Applications?
• Applications You Can Get Off The Shelf
• Horizontal Applications
• Applications You Can Get Off The Shelf And Then Customized
• Horizontal Applications
• Vertical Applications
• Applications You Can Get Custom Developed
• One of a Kind Applications
• What is Firm Ware?
• Software installed into read only memory, the program's logic is designed into device's circuitry 
• Is Open Source Software A Viable Alternative?
• Depends on the Situation's Restraints and Requirements
• Free Open Source Software might require support and operational costs that are higher than normal licensing fees.
• What Are The Differences Between Native And Web Applications?
• Native Applications
• High Skill Level
• High Price
• Sophisticated
• Professional Programmers Only
• Run on any operating system and device
• Limited by the capability of browsers
• Web Applications
• Low to High Skill Level
• Professional Programmers, Web Developers, and Business Professionals Can Use Them
• Vary in Price
• Vary in Sophistication
• Thin-Client Applications
• You get them via the web
• Require Modern Browsers to Run
• Cheaper to Develop
• Cheaper to Maintain
• May Lack Wow Factor
• Why Are Mobile Systems Increasingly Important?
• The World is Connected, People Can Do Things on The Go
• What Are The Challenges of Personal Mobile Devices At Work?
• Advantages
• Cost Savings
• Greater Employee Satisfaction
• Reduced Need for Training
• Higher Productivity
• Reduced Support Costs
• Disadvantages
• Data Loss or Damage
• Loss of Control
• Compatibility Problems
• Risk of Infection
• Greater Support Costs
• 2025?
• New Jobs
• Everything is Connected

Chapter 5

• What is the Purpose of A Database?
• To organize and keep track of things and to organize and keep track of themes.
• Spreadsheets Vs Databases
• Spreadsheets
• Has only a single theme
• Are not made to be able to pull data
• Is good for serving one user
• Databases
• Have multiple themes
• Are made to be able to pull data
• Is good for serving multiple users
• Form
• An User Interface for the purpose of entering data.
• What is a Database?
• Relational Database
• Made up of Tables
• Tables are made up of rows and columns
• Rows and columns have a relationship with one another.
• Multiple Tables can be related with one another
• Meta Data
• Data about Data 
• Tables or Files + Relationship Among Rows in Tables + Meta Data
• What is a Database Management System?
• Program, licensed by vendors, used to create, process, and administer a database. 
• Operations
• Read Data
• Insert Data
• Modify Data
• Delete Data
• SQL
• Structured Query Language 
• Administering the Database
• Set up security system involving user accounts, passwords, permissions, and limits for processing.
• Limit user permissions in very specific ways
• Backs up data, adds structure, improves performance, and removes unwanted data. 
• Summary of Database Administration Tasks
• Operation
• Backup
• Recovery
• Adaptation
• Development
• Create and Staff Database Administration Function
• Form Steering Committee 
• Specify Requirements
• Validate Data Model
• Evaluate Application Data
• How do Database Applications Make Databases More Useful?
• Forms
• View Data
• Insert Data
• Update Data
• Delete Existing Data
• Queries
• Search Based Upon User Provided Data Values
• Reports 
• Generates a structured presentation of the data
• Uses Filters
• Application Programs
• Special operations
• Security
• Data Consistency
• How are Data Models Used For Database Development?
• Components of Entity Relationship Data Model
• Entities
• Something users want to track
• Primary Key
• Shorthand name of an Entity
• Attributes
• Describes entity characteristics
• Identifiers
• Uniquely identifies one entity instance from another instance of an entity.
• Client Side Coding
• Html5
• Css3
• JavaScript
• Server Side Coding
• C#
• Java
• Node.js Java Script
• How is a Data Model Transformed Into A Database Design?
• Normalization
• Converts one badly structured table into two or more well structured tables.
• Goal
• Construct tables with data about a single theme or entity.
• Purpose
• To minimize data integrity problems
• Data Integrity Problems
• Produce incorrect and inconsistent information
• Users loose confidence in information
• Systems gains a poor reputation
• Can only occur if data is replicated
• Summary of Normalization
• Represent Each Entity With A Table
• Entity identifier becomes table key
• Entity attributes become table columns
• Normalize Tables Are Necessary
• Represent Relationships
• Use foreign keys
• Add additional tables for N:M relationships
• What is the User's Role In Development of Databases?
• Users are the final judges
• Users' review of data models is crucial
• Ensure its accuracy reflects users' view of the business.
• Entities must contain all of the data, you and your employees need to do your jobs, and relationships must accurately represent your view of the business.
• User Mistakes will come back to haunt them.
• 2025?
• NOSQL DBMS is the Future

Additional Notes

• Rule of Themes
• For a Single Theme use a...
• Spreadsheet
• For Multiple Themes use a...
• Database